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污染物排放与环境暴露

王海鲲,陈长虹,黄成,潘汉生,景启国,王冰研,戴懿,赵静,李莉,JamesLents,MatthewBarth,RichardNikkila,钱华,戴海夏.应用IVE模型计算上海市机动车污染物排放[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(1):1-9

Application of the International Vehicle Emission model for estimating of vehicle emissionsin Shanghai

摘要：为了解上海市机动车污染现状,建立上海市机动车源排放清单,分别选择上海市中心城区、商业区和收入相对较低区域中的主干道、快速道和次干道3种共条典型道路,开展机动车技术水平参数、比功率(VSP)分布状况、启动状况等测试,并在此基础上将International Vehicle E-mission(IVE)模型本地化.调查结果表明,上海市区实际道路上轻型客车、出租车、公交巴士、卡车和摩托车(包含助动车)分别占道路总车流量的41.0%、30.8%、15.6%、6.9%和5.7%;从技术组成看,约85%的轻型客车和97%的出租车均安装有三元催化装置,约30%的公交巴士和90%的卡车没有达到欧Ⅰ标准;机动车的VSP分布主要集中在-2.9～1.2 kw·t^-1.模式计算结果表明,2004年上海市机动车CO、VOC、NO_x和PM排放量分别为57.06×10⁴t、7.75×10⁴t、9.20×10⁴t和0.26×10⁴t;20%的高排放车对总排放量的贡献占到25%～45%;启动过程中排放的CO、VOC和PM占总排放量的15%～25%,NO_x仅占总排放量的4.5%.

Abstract：The present states of vehicle type, vehicle specific power (VSP) distribution, and start-up pattern on nine freeways, arterials and residential roads in three Shanghai central, commercial and low income areas were surveyed to provide essential data for application of International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model to estimate vehicle emissions. The survey results showed that passenger car, taxi, bus, truck and motorcycle (include mopeds) accounted for 41.0%, 30.8%, 15.6%, 6.9% and 5.7% of the total traffic volume, respectively. About 85% of passenger cars and 97% of taxis had three-way catalysts installed, and about 30% of buses and 90% of trucks did not reach Euro I standard; the VSP ranged primarily from^-2.9 to 1.2 kW·t^-1. The IVE model calculations showed that the total emissions of CO, VOC, NO_x and PM from vehicles in Shanghai in 2004 were 57.06×10⁴ t, 7.75×10⁴ t, 9.20×10⁴ t and 0.26×10⁴ t, respectively. Exhausts from 20% of high-emission vehicles accounted for 25%～45% of the total, and the emission of CO, VOC, PM and NO_x during the start-up process contributed 15.8%, 24.4%, 18.9% and 4.5% to the total vehicle emissions, respectively..

Key words：IVE model vehicle emissions vehicle specific power technology distribution start-up Shanghai