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污染控制技术及原理

摘要：通过埋设土壤溶液抽滤器采集渗漏水样,对上海郊区大田条件下稻麦轮作系统中土壤氮素(N)的渗漏流失情况进行了观测研究.研究结果表明,稻季渗漏水中总氮(TN)浓度随时间呈下降趋势,其中,硝态氮(NO₃^--N)由泡田初期的10mg·L^-1以上迅速下降至2mg·L^-1以下,铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)则始终低于1.3mg·L^-1.施肥能引起渗漏水N素增加;稻田淹水过程也通过改变土壤氧化还原环境控制着N素形态的转换.麦季施肥小区渗漏水中N素形态以NO₃^--N为主,且施肥后迅速上升到平均7.11mg·L^-1;NH₄⁺-N浓度在施肥和不施肥处理中均很低,分别为0.38mg·L^-1和0.36mg·L^-1.在稻季施肥2.50×10⁴kg·km^-2和麦季施肥2.14×10⁴kg·km^-2(以N计)的情况下,N素淋失负荷分别为6.08×10²kg·km^-2和7.42×10²kg·km^-2,分别占施肥量的2.4%和3.5%;施肥条件下两季总的N素淋失负荷比不施肥处理高出108.7%.

Abstract：Afield case study was conducted to elucidate the dynamic characteristics and the load of Nleaching in paddy-wheat rotation fields during one year planting. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN) in natural leaching water declined significantly during the paddy season. Nitrate (NO₃^--N) fell rapidly at the first several days of immerging, which was from more than 10mg·L^-1 to under 2 mg·L^-1. Ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) kept at a low level (<1.3 mg·L^-1). Flush irrigation, which changed the oxidation-reduction potential of paddy soil, as well as fertilizer application, both had great effect on the Nconcentration in leaching water. Along with the prolonged flooding, NO₃^--Ndecreased dramatically and NH₄⁺-Nincreased slightly. NO₃^--Nwas the dominant species in wheat season, and it rose quickly after fertilizing (average 7.11 mg·L^-1). NH₄⁺-Nconcentration was low in wheat season, as in fertilizing plot it was 0.38 mg·L^-1, and in control plot was 0.36 mg·L^-1. Under the conditions of an application rate of 2.50×10⁴ kg·km^-2 in paddy season and of 2.14×10⁴ kg·km^-2 in wheat season, the Nleaching loads were 6.08×10² kg·km^-2 and 7.42×10² kg·km^-2 separately, and were 2.4% and 3.5% of total fertilizer application. In one year planting, the Nleaching load in fertilizing plot was 108.7% higher than in control plot.