• 关键词：土霉素  磺胺二甲嘧啶  堆肥  酶活性  微生物群落

• 基金项目：国家自然科学基金(No.41171203);陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划项目(No.2011KTCL02-15);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(No.201303094)

• 张凯煜
• 西北农林科技大学理学院, 杨凌 712100

• 谷洁
• 西北农林科技大学资源与环境学院, 杨凌 712100

• 赵听
• 西北农林科技大学理学院, 杨凌 712100

• 张社奇
• 西北农林科技大学理学院, 杨凌 712100

• 王小娟
• 西北农林科技大学资源与环境学院, 杨凌 712100

• 高华
• 西北农林科技大学资源与环境学院, 杨凌 712100

• 摘要：为了探讨抗生素对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响,将添加土霉素(OTC)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM₂)的猪粪与小麦秸秆进行好氧堆肥发酵试验.试验设置3个处理,分别为CK处理(不添加抗生素)、L处理(10 mg·kg^-1 OTC +1 mg·kg^-1 SM₂)、H处理(140 mg·kg^-1 OTC +30 mg·kg^-1SM₂).结果表明,各处理堆体温度在55℃及以上持续了4 d,发芽指数大于85%,均达到了腐熟标准;堆肥35 d后,L和H处理中OTC残留率分别为2.8%和4.2%,SM₂均未检出;抗生素降解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.56~1.24 d.H处理对堆肥过程中脱氢酶活性呈先抑制后促进的作用,而对脲酶活性则在堆肥后期表现出显著抑制作用.Biolog数据表明,在堆肥腐熟期H处理AWCD值、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著大于CK;主成分分析得出,H处理改变了堆肥过程中微生物群落结构,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及氨基酸类.综上所述,添加OTC和SM₂对堆肥过程中酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性有显著影响,且经堆肥处理后SM₂被完全降解,而OTC仅有少量残留,说明好氧堆肥是一种快速有效去除抗生素的方法.

• Abstract：In order to investigate the effect of oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethazine (SM₂) on enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity in the process of pig manure composting, we conducted a thermophilic aerobic composting experiment that treated pig manure and wheat straw with various levels of OCT and SM₂. No antibiotics addition was added in the Control, while 10 mg·kg^-1 OTC +1 mg·kg^-1 SM₂ and 140 mg·kg^-1 OTC +30 mg·kg^-1 SM₂ was added in the low (L) and high (H) level of antibiotics, respectively. The results showed that temperature of the composting materials peaked at about 55℃ and maintained for 4 days during composting process for all treatments, and the result of the seed germination experiment with the fermentation extractant showed a germination index of above 85%. These results indicated the maturity of the composting materials in all treatments. The residual rate of OTC was 2.8% and 4.2% in final products of L and H treatment, respectively, but no SM₂ was found. The degradation curve of antibiotics could be described by the first-order kinetic model with a half-life period from 0.56 d to 1.24 d. The dehydrogenase activity in H treatment was inhibited at the beginning of the composting process and then was promoted, while the urease activity showed a significant inhibitory effect in the cooling and mature period of composting. The results of the Biolog experiment showed that AWCD (Average Well Color Development), Shannon index and Simpson index of H treatment was significantly higher than those of control treatment in the mature period. Principal component analysis clearly revealed that the high level of antibiotics addition markedly changed microbial community structure during composting, and the differentiated carbon sources were mainly carbohydrates, polycarboxylic acids and amino acids. These results suggested that OTC and SM₂ have significant effects on the enzyme activities and the functional diversity of microbial community in composting process. Composting could remove almost all SM₂ and OTC. Hence, thermophilic aerobic-composting is an effective process to eliminate antibiotics before manure land application.

• Key words：oxytetracycline  sulfamethazine  compost  enzyme activities  microbial community

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