穆熙,李尧捷,曹红梅,王占祥,高宏,毛潇萱,马建民,黄韬.中国西部某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂多氯联苯排放污染特征及职业呼吸暴露风险[J].环境科学学报,2019,39(8):2800-2810
中国西部某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂多氯联苯排放污染特征及职业呼吸暴露风险
- Pollution characteristics and occupational inhalation exposure risks of PCBs in a formal and scaled e-waste dismantling plant, western China
- 基金项目：兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项（No.lzujbky-2017-it100）；国家自然科学基金青年基金项目（No.41701582）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（No.41671460）
- 穆熙
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 李尧捷
- 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871
- 曹红梅
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 王占祥
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 高宏
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 毛潇萱
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 马建民
- 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871
- 黄韬
- 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃省环境污染预警与控制重点实验室, 兰州 730000
- 摘要：电子垃圾的不规范拆解易造成较严重的有机物、重金属等污染排放.在政府西部大开发战略（WDS）的推动下，电子垃圾回收产业从东部地区向西部地区的转移势必会对西部地区生态环境造成一定的负面影响.本文以西部近年新建的某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂为研究对象，于2016年冬季采集了该厂拆解车间室内外及上风向对照区大气气相、颗粒相（PM1.0、PM2.5、PM10）共100个样品，对电子垃圾拆解活动造成的32种PCBs的排放污染水平和特征进行了观测研究，并基于该观测数据对规模化拆解厂的职业环境空气呼吸暴露风险进行了评估.结果表明，拆解车间内外及农家对照点空气中32种PCBs总浓度（∑32PCBs）（气相+颗粒相）范围为0.36~806.65 pg·m-3，均值为28.00 pg·m-3，总体呈现低氯代（二至四氯） PCBs浓度较高的特征；拆解作业车间内电子垃圾拆解活动导致的PCBs排放主要赋存于颗粒相中（65%），而车间外及农家对照点空气中的PCBs主要分配于气相，分别占比72%和94%；颗粒相PCBs在车间内外的分布特征表现为：四氯PCBs中PCB52、PCB49在PM1.0中的浓度百分比较高，而其他PCBs主要分布在PM10中.车间内外空气中四氯PCBs （气相＋颗粒相）浓度最高，三氯PCBs浓度次之，推测主要源于电子垃圾拆解的生产排放；而对照点含有更高的二氯PCBs同族体，初步推测主要来源于上风向外区域PCBs的大气长距离迁移.采样期间规模化拆解厂车间内职业环境空气的呼吸暴露致癌风险（9.62×10-12）低于美国EPA的规定限值1.0×10-6，处于可接受水平.说明我国对电子垃圾产业的规模化建厂、规范化拆解作业及按环保要求的规范化管理措施对于拆解作业环境的保护、职业工人的健康保护具有积极的作用.但规模化拆解产业依然会带来一定程度的污染物排放，从而对周边环境带来生态风险及存在潜在的职业健康风险.
- Abstract：Non-standard dismantling of e-waste could cause serious air pollutant emission and environmental pollution, such as organic pollutants and heavy metals. Due to the Chinese government encourage the processing industries including e-waste recycling industry to relocate to the western China from eastern regions under China's Western Development Strategy (WDS), it would inevitably have an adverse impact on the western ecological environment. This study took a formal and scaled e-waste dismantling plant as the research area, which is newly built and located in western China, 100 air samples including gaseous and particle phases (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10) were collected during winter season of 2016 at three sampling sites which were deployed at indoor and outdoor of the workplace and a farmyard upwind from the e-waste dismantling plant. The concentration and characteristic of 32 PCB congeners were studied and the inhalation exposure risk of PCBs to occupational workers was assessed based on the observed data. The results showed that the concentration of ∑32PCBs in ambient air (gas phase+particle phase) was in the range of 0.36~806.65 pg·m-3, the average concentration was 28.00 pg·m-3 and low-chlorinated PCBs (dichloro to tetrachloro) concentrations were higher than others. PCBs collected from indoor of the e-waste dismantling workplace were mainly found in particulate phase (65%), while PCBs gathered from the rural site and outdoor of the workshop were mainly distributed in the gas phase, accounting for 94% and 72% respectively. Comparing the PCBs concentrations among different particle sizes of samples from indoor and outdoor of the workshop, the percentages of tetrachloro-PCB52 and tetrachloro-PCB49 in PM1.0 were significantly higher, while others were mainly distributed in PM10. Tetrachloro-PCBs were found to be the most abundant PCB congeners in ambient air (gas phase+particle phase) at both indoor and outdoor of the dismantling workplace, followed by the trichloro-PCBs, while dichloro-PCBs was the most abundant congener at rural site. It could be initially inferred that PCBs collected from indoor and outdoor of e-waste workplace were emitted from the productive activities of e-waste dismantling plant, but PCBs were likely attributed to the long-range atmospheric transport from upwind regions at the rural background site. During sampling period, the inhalation exposure risk of PCBs emitted from the e-waste dismantling workplace to the occupational workers was at an acceptable level (9.62×10-12), lower than the US EPA criteria limit of 1.0×10-6. It could be indicated that a large-scale e-waste dismantling plants performing standardized dismantling operations and managements in accordance with environmental protection requirements must have a positive effect on protecting atmospheric environment and the health of occupational workers in China. Nevertheless, the large-scale e-waste dismantling industry would still bring potential occupational health risks and pollutant emissions to the surrounding ecological environment.
