张雪莲,廖洪,李昌伟,文方芳,刘自飞,张梦佳,杜晓玉,高飞,刘继远,金丽华,李权辉,王学霞.田间条件下生物炭与化肥配施对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2021,41(1):21-28
田间条件下生物炭与化肥配施对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响
- Effects of simultaneous application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on the vertical migration of nitrogen and phosphorus, lettuce yield and quality and soil microbial quantity under field conditions
- 基金项目：国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（No.2017ZX07102-001）
- 王学霞
- 北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097
- 摘要：为探讨生物炭对农田化肥面源污染的防控效果，本文以北运河流域（北京段）下游"上壤下砂"、施肥量大、易漏水漏肥菜田为研究对象，分析了田间条件下不同用量生物炭配合化肥底施和施炭基肥对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明：与单施化肥（T1）相比，①化肥配施生物炭750 kg·hm-2（T2）、2250 kg·hm-2（T3）、4500 kg·hm-2（T4）和施炭基肥（T5）处理20~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量分别降低41.20%、39.60%、24.20%和13.78%，0~20 cm土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）含量分别提高26.30%、24.70%、32.60%和11.20%，40~60 cm土壤Olsen-P含量分别减少27.30%、26.10%、33.50%和41.30%，T3和T5处理20~40 cm土壤Olsen-P含量分别减少19.90%和12.50%，表明农田配施生物炭或者施炭基肥可提高耕层土壤供磷量，并有效阻控耕层硝态氮和Olsen-P向下层土壤淋溶迁移；②化肥配施生物炭（T2~T4）对结球生菜产量、维生素C（Vc）和硝酸盐含量均无显著影响，施炭基肥（T5）处理结球生菜生物产量显著增加了14.36%（p<0.05），Vc含量显著提高了20.00%（p<0.05）；③T4和T5处理土壤细菌数量分别减少57.49%和47.50%（p<0.05），且T5处理土壤真菌数量减少46.67%（p<0.05）.综合考虑不同土层氮磷、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量变化，推荐生物炭配施量为750~2250 kg·hm-2，并建议进一步加强生物炭对农田土壤微生物群落的影响监测.
- Abstract：In order to understand the control effect of biochar application on non-point pollution, this research chose the "upper loam and lower sandy" farmland soil in the downstream of Beiyunhe River basin (Beijing district), which had high amount of fertilizer input and high risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching to study the effects of simultaneous application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on the vertical migration of soil nitrogen and phosphorus, lettuce yield and quality as well as soil microbial quantity. The results revealed that, ①Compared to sole chemical fertilizer treatment (T1), soil NO3--N contents (20~40 cm) were decreased by 41.20%, 39.60%, 24.20% and 13.78% in simultaneous application of biochar 750 kg·hm-2(T2), 2250 kg·hm-2(T3) and 4500 kg·hm-2(T4) and applying carbon based fertilizer (T5), respectively; soil Olsen-P contents (0~20 cm) were increased by 26.30%, 24.70%, 32.60% and 11.20% under T2~T5 treatments, respectively; soil Olsen-P contents (40~60 cm) were decreased by 27.30%, 26.10%, 33.50% and 41.30% under T2~T5 treatments, respectively; soil Olsen-P contents (20~40 cm) in T3 and T5 were decreased by 19.90% and 12.50%, respectively. These results indicated that simultaneous application of biochar with chemical fertilizers could increase phosphorus supply in topsoil, as well as regulate the migration of nitrogen and phosphorus to deep soil. ②Simultaneous application of biochar with chemical fertilizers (T2~T4) did not change the yield, Vitamin C and nitrate content of lettuce. Applying carbon based fertilizer (T5) significantly increased the lettuce yield by 14.36% (p<0.05), and Vc content by 20.00% (p<0.05). ③T4 and T5 treatments reduced the quantity of soil bacteria by 57.49% and 47.50%, as compared with T1 treatment (p<0.05). T5 treatment also reduced the quantity of soil fungi by 46.67%, as compared with T1 treatment (p<0.05). Considering all the variation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus, the yield and quality of lettuce, as well as soil microbial quantity, the recommended application amount of biochar is 750~2250 kg·hm-2. It is also suggested to further study the effect of biochar application on microbial community of farmland.
