• 关键词：猪粪  鸡粪  稻草秸秆  堆肥  种子发芽指数  植物毒性

• 基金项目：国家重点研发计划（No.2017YFD0800202）；国家自然科学基金（No.41571479，41761144078）

• 嘎毕拉
• 中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物处理与资源化实验室，北京 100085;中国科学院大学，北京 100049

• 罗维
• 中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物处理与资源化实验室，北京 100085;中国科学院大学，北京 100049

• 摘要：为揭示不同配比农业废物堆肥过程中阴阳离子和大分子对植物毒性的影响机理，开展了以鸡粪和猪粪为主料，稻草秸秆为辅料的条垛堆肥试验，设置的试验处理包括：等质量的鸡粪+稻草秸秆+包菜（1∶1∶1）处理（T1）、鸡粪+稻草秸秆（1∶1）处理（T2）、大量猪粪+少量稻草秸秆（85∶15）处理（T3）.测定了各处理的堆温、堆肥的水溶性无机阴阳离子和有机大分子变化，以及对大白菜（Brassica rapa L.）和水堇（Lepidium sativum. L.）种子发芽指数（Germination Index， GI）等指标变化的影响.试验结果表明，T3处理堆肥的高温（>55 ℃）持续期最长，杀灭病原微生物和杂草种子的能力最好，且其堆肥的Cl^-、SO42-、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度最低；T2处理堆肥的NH4+ 浓度最低.T1和T2处理堆肥过程中堆肥的脂肪烃可转化为稳定的芳香烃.T3处理堆肥对大白菜和水堇的种子发芽指数大于80%.堆肥中抑制种子发芽的阴阳离子及大分子浓度分别为：Ca²⁺浓度>0.98 mmol·L^-1，Mg²⁺浓度>0.92 mmol·L^-1，NH4+浓度均>5.75 mmol·L^-1，芳香C/多糖比值>0.33，羧基C/多糖比值>0.30.堆肥中脂肪族大分子增加、多糖类大分子减少可抑制种子发芽.综上所述，猪粪与稻草秸秆的质量配比为85∶15、初始C/N比为25、初始水分含量为60%、 堆肥期周为35 d是条垛式堆肥处理猪粪和稻草秸秆的最佳工艺参数.大白菜比水堇种子更能准确反映农业废物堆肥的植物毒性.本研究可为优化不同畜禽粪便与农作物秸秆的条垛堆肥工艺参数、减少土地利用的风险提供重要的决策支持.

• Abstract：To reveal effects of ions and macromolecules in composts generated at various stages of windrow composting on seed germination， several ratios of agricultural wastes， and three windrow composting methods were studied. These used chicken or pig manures as main materials with rice straw residues as solid materials. Mass ratios of raw agricultural wastes were： chicken manure： rice straw： cabbage residue=1∶1∶1 designated treatment 1 （T1）； chicken manure：straw residues with=1∶1 was designated treatment 2 （T2）； pig manure：rice straw=85∶15 was designated （T3）. Temperature， concentrations of water-soluble inorganic anions， cations， organic macromolecules of compost affected indices of seed germination indices （GIs） of Chinese cabbage （Brassica rapa L.） and cress （Lepidium sativum. L.） were measured. T3 had the longest time of thermophilic stage （>55 ℃） and the best capability of killing pathogenic microorganisms and weed seeds in the composts and among， the least concentrations of Cl^-， SO42-， K⁺， Na⁺， Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The mean concentration of NH4+ was least in composts of T2. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in composts T1 and T2 were converted to stable aromatic hydrocarbons during composting. After composting T3， resulted in GIs of Chinese cabbage and cress that were greater than 80%. Concentrations of anions， cations and organic macromolecules in composts， which could inhibit germination of seeds of cabbage or cress， were： Ca²⁺>0.98 mmol·L^-1， Mg²⁺>0.92 mmol·L^-1，NH4+>5.75 mmol·L^-1， aromatic C/polysaccharide ratio>0.33， and carboxyl C/polysaccharide ratio> 0.30. Both the greater concentration of aliphatic macromolecules and lesser concentration of polysaccharide macromolecules in composts inhibited germination. In conclusion， the mass ratio of pig manure to rice straw of 85∶15， the initial C/N ratio of 25， the initial moisture content of 60%， and composting period of 35 d were optimal conditions for windrow composting. Seeds of Chinese cabbage were better indicators of maturity of compost and phytotoxicity than were cress seeds.

• Key words：pig manure  chicken manure  rice straw  compost  germination index  phytotoxicity

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