环境科学学报  2019, Vol. 39 Issue (7): 2377-2383
宜宾夜鹭卵中有机氯农药及其代谢物的赋存特征    [PDF全文]
叶华1 , 黄飞1 , 魏莱2 , 黄清辉2 , 仇雁翎2 , Bignert Anders1,3 , Bergman Åke2,4     
1. 宜宾学院, 长江水环境教育部重点实验室宜宾研究基地, 宜宾 644000;
2. 同济大学环境科学与工程学院, 长江水环境教育部重点实验室, 上海 200092;
3. 瑞典自然历史博物馆, 斯德哥尔摩 SE-10405;
4. 斯德哥尔摩大学环境科学与分析化学系, 斯德哥尔摩 SE-10691
摘要: 于2017年在四川省宜宾市采集黑冠夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)卵样30枚(包括9枚无胚卵和21枚胚胎卵),分析了样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况.结果表明,宜宾夜鹭卵中检出了8种OCPs残留物,总含量为4.76~97.9 ng·g-1(以湿重计).其中,pp'-滴滴伊(pp'-DDE)含量最高((20±18)ng·g-1),其次为六氯苯(HCB,(5.3±3.4)ng·g-1)和β-六六六(β-HCH,(1.1±0.8)ng·g-1);滴滴涕类(∑DDTs)中的稳定代谢物pp'-DDE和六六六类(∑HCHs)中的稳定同分异构体β-HCH占比均在99%以上.pp'-滴滴涕(pp'-DDT)和pp'-DDE在无胚卵蛋液中的残留水平比在胚胎卵蛋液中更高一些,而反式九氯则相反,其余OCPs无差别,这说明鹭卵在孵化过程中pp'-DDT可能易于代谢,而稳定的pp'-DDE更容易向胚胎传递.宜宾夜鹭卵中pp'-DDE的最高含量为84 ng·g-1,远低于鹭科繁殖效应阈值(1000 ng·g-1).总体上,夜鹭卵中OCPs的赋存状况较好地反映出长江上游地区OCPs污染水平较低,对夜鹭繁殖的影响较小.
关键词: 夜鹭     鸟蛋     有机氯农药     残留     繁殖效应     长江上游    
Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in black-crowned night heron eggs
YE Hua1, HUANG Fei1, WEI Lai2, HUANG Qinghui2 , QIU Yanling2, BIGNERT Anders1,3, BERGMAN Åke2,4    
1. Yibin Research Base of the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, Yibin University, Yibin 644000;
2. Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092;
3. Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm SE-10405;
4. Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry(ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691
Received 30 January 2019; received in revised from 26 February 2019; accepted 26 February 2019
Abstract: In 2017, the black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs, including 9 embryo-free eggs and 21 embryogenic eggs, were collected from Yibin, Sichuan Province, China. The residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in heron eggs were analyzed. The result showed that 8 OCPs were found in night heron eggs, with the total concentrations ranged from 4.76 to 97.9 ng·g-1 (in wet weight). Among the 8 OCPs, p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE, (20±18) ng·g-1) had the highest concentration, followed by hexachlorobenzene (HCB, (5.3±3.4) ng·g-1) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH, (1.1±0.8) ng·g-1). The proportions of p, p'-DDE in DDTs and β-HCH in HCHs were above 99%. The levels of OCPs residues in the embryo-free egg liquids and embryo egg liquids were compared. Both p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (p, p'-DDT) and p, p'-DDE were higher in the embryo-free egg liquids while the trans-nonachlor was higher in the embryo egg liquid, while other OCPs in embryo-free and embryo egg liquids were not significantly different. The comparison suggests that p, p'-DDT can be easily metabolized and its stable metabolite p, p'-DDE can be easily transferred to the embryos during hatching. We also found the highest concentration of p, p'-DDE in night heron eggs from Yibin was 84 ng·g-1, which was much lower than the reproductive effect threshold level of Ardeidae (1000 ng·g-1). In summary, the characteristics of OCPs in night heron eggs indicate the low level of OCPs pollution at the Upper Yangtze River basin, which has little effect on the reproduction of the night herons.
Keywords: night heron     bird egg     organochlorine pesticides     residues     reproduction effect     the upper Yangtze River    
1 引言(Introduction)

有机氯农药(OCPs)曾因大量生产和广泛使用而释放到环境中, 多数具有持久性、生物累积性和毒性, 曾在全世界范围内对鱼类、水生哺乳类和鸟类等野生动物及人类健康造成风险(Focardi et al., 1996), 因而被列入持久性有机污染物(POPs)清单之中.某些OCPs及其代谢物具有内分泌干扰作用, 如滴滴伊(DDE)作为滴滴涕(DDT)的稳定代谢物, 可持久地干扰鸟类的钙磷代谢, 导致卵壳变薄, 进而影响种群繁殖(Bignert et al., 2015).有机氯化学品等POPs可能在低营养级生物中无法检出, 但在较高营养级鸟类的卵、肌肉、肝脏和羽毛等组织及其猎物中可以找到(Albanis et al., 1996Padula et al., 2010陈静等, 2013Huertas et al., 2016Ye et al., 2016), 因此, 鸟卵可以有效地用于筛查残留POPs和新兴污染物的存在, 监测其暴露和效应的变化趋势等(Chen et al., 2012;Bignert et al., 2015;Greaves et al., 2016Champoux et al., 2017Schmitt et al., 2018), 具有重要的研究价值.

欧美国家较早利用鸟卵从事相关研究, 试图确认有毒化学品污染与其种群数量减少之间的联系.以夜鹭(也称黑冠夜鹭, 拉丁名Nycticorax nycticorax)为例, 曾在美国西部山区的繁殖力较低, 后来发现可能与夜鹭卵中p, p′-DDE含量过高导致蛋壳变薄有关(Henny et al., 1984).当然, 随着夜鹭卵中DDE和多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量的降低, 蛋壳厚度可能回升(Ohlendorf et al., 1978;Custer et al., 1983).尽管水禽样品(尤其是夜鹭卵)中OCPs含量在近20年呈降低趋势, 但DDE和PCBs等依然在某些样点会表现亚致死效应和影响繁殖(Mora et al., 2016; Rattner et al., 2007);研究发现, 夜鹭雏鸟体内存在OCPs及其代谢物的积累(Rattner et al., 1997).我国对水鸟中OCPs的研究始于10多年前, 主要集中在珠三角和长三角等发达地区, 也发现鹭卵中存在较高的p, p′-DDE残留(董元华等, 2002安琼等, 2004Wang et al., 2011).另外, 还在鹭卵中检测到许多痕量元素、POPs和一些新兴污染物(龚钟明等, 2001Lam et al., 2004Lam et al., 2008Luo et al., 2009Hu et al., 2016Zhou et al., 2016a; 2016b).然而, 关于长江上游地区鹭科鸟类样品中POPs的赋存状况及其在鹭卵孵化过程中的变化还缺乏了解.

宜宾地处长江上游地区四川盆地边缘, 素有“长江第一城”之称, 其地貌特征以中低山地和丘陵为主体, 岭谷相间, 拥有丰富多样的鸟类生境和食物来源, 吸引了大量的鸟类在此栖息繁衍, 而鸟类摄食和排泄活动可能会分别给当地渔业资源和环境质量带来影响(黄强等, 1995廖峻涛等, 2013李雷等, 2013).本文拟以夜鹭为例, 分析鹭卵中有机氯农药及其代谢物的赋存特征, 试图了解鹭卵中残留的OCPs对其繁殖力的潜在影响, 探究鹭卵孵化过程对不同OCPs残留特征的影响.

2 材料与方法(Material and methods) 2.1 样品采集

宜宾境内鸟类资源丰富, 不同生境的鸟类有255种及22亚种(黄强等, 1995).鹭科鸟类种类和数量均较多, 其中, 黑冠夜鹭(N. nycticorax)大部分为夏候鸟, 通常于3月中下旬陆续到此繁殖(孵卵期22~26 d), 常成群在一起营群巢于高大树干上, 主要以鱼、蛙、虾、水生昆虫等动物为食(Fasola et al., 1998), 9月末陆续迁离, 部分为留鸟.

2017年5月底—6月初, 多次在长江上游宜宾地区采集夜鹭的卵样品, 此时大部分鸟巢都有鹭鸟守护着新生的雏鸟或还在孵卵, 主要从没有鹭鸟守护的树巢中采集鹭卵(可能是未成功孵化的).这些鸟蛋呈蓝绿色, 随机采集于长宁县桃坪乡什字水库(104.98°E, 28.54°N, 见图 1)周边树林鸟巢中.有研究报道, 夜鹭同一窝卵之间的OCPs含量差异比不同窝卵之间的差异要小很多(Custer et al., 1990), 同时考虑到采样尽可能不要破坏鹭鸟的繁殖活动, 因此, 每个鸟窝中仅取1枚, 一共采集30枚.采集时, 用棉花包裹后放在铝盒中, 带回实验室后临时存放于4 ℃冷藏冰箱中.用清水冲洗蛋壳表面, 擦干表面后进行卵的质量和形态参数测量;经光照检查, 9枚为无胚卵, 21枚为胚胎卵, 将蛋液取出至洁净玻璃瓶(经高温灼烧, 瓶盖用丙酮和正己烷清洗)中并搅拌均匀, 在长江环境样品库(YESB)于-80 ℃下冷冻保存至分析.

图 1 鹭卵采样地理位置示意图 Fig. 1 Geographic location of heron egg sampling
2.2 样品制备

鸟蛋样品中有机氯化合物的分析在芬兰国立卫生和福利研究院进行, 参考小体积血清样品中POPs分析方法(Koponen et al., 2013), 其提取和净化过程具体如下:在200 μL匀浆后的蛋液等份样品中加入250 μL乙醇和400 pg 13C标记的各种OCPs内标物(溶于100 μL甲苯中, 剑桥同位素实验室CIL, 美国), 在多管涡流器(VWR DVX-2500, Henry Troemner, USA)上以1800 r · min-1的速度混合4 min使蛋白质沉淀并平衡内标.用2 mL二氯甲烷/正己烷(DCM/HEX, 1 : 4, V/V)进行提取, 然后加入0.5 mL活性硅胶除去样品中的水分和乙醇.以1800 r · min-1的速度将样品混合4 min, 并在混合后将上部DCM/HEX萃取液倒入8 mL固相萃取柱(SPE柱)中进行净化, OCPs提取过程重复2次.该SPE柱依次填充了1 mL 44%硫酸硅土(底层)、2 mL 10%硝酸银浸渍硅土(中层)和2 mL硫酸钠/硅土混合物(1 : 2, V/V, 上层)等, 使用前用4 mL DCM/HEX(1 : 4)洗涤柱.用4 mL DCM/HEX(1 : 4)从净化柱中洗脱OCPs, 洗脱液用温和的N2浓缩至约0.5 mL.将浓缩的洗脱液转移到自动进样瓶中, 加入100 μL含有400 pg回收率指示物(13C-PCB-128, 美国CIL)的正己烷中, 并加入15~20 μL壬烷作为保存剂.在环境条件下, 将样品蒸发至15~20 μL壬烷的最终体积(以防止灰尘污染), 并在-20 ℃下储存, 直到GC-MS/MS测定.

2.3 仪器分析

使用Agilent 7890A气相色谱仪/Agilent 7010三重四极杆质谱仪和DB-5MS UI柱(20 m×0.18 mm I.D.×0.18 μm膜厚, J&W Scientific)通过多重反应监测进行定量.仪器条件参考文献(Koponen et al., 2013), 具体如下:将5 μL净化并浓缩的提取液注入到溶剂排空模式下的程序升温气化(PTV)进样器.排气流量为100 mL · min-1, 排气时间为0.2 min, 排气压力为96.5 kPa.PTV注射器的温度程序为:80 ℃保持0.25 min, 以720 ℃ · min-1升至300 ℃, 保持9.0 min, 再以100 ℃ · min-1升至80 ℃.氦气载气至柱的流速为0.7 mL · min-1.GC烘箱的温度程序为:70 ℃保持2 min, 以60 ℃ · min-1升至190 ℃, 以12.5 ℃ · min-1升至260 ℃, 再以60 ℃ · min-1升至300 ℃, 保持1.2 min.从GC到MS的传输线温度为280 ℃, 电离室温度为270 ℃, 电离能为70 eV.

2.4 质量保证与质量控制

实验室测试符合芬兰认证服务, 通过标准参考物多次重复测定和实验室之间比对, 上述POPs测定的准确性和可重复性满足要求(Koponen et al., 2013).欧盟推荐采用定量限(LOQ)和测量不确定度(MU)来评估方法的表现(Lucentini et al., 2013), LOQ通过分析OCPs含量(以湿重计, 下同)尽可能低的5个重复样品获得, 先计算测量值的标准偏差(SD), 再以8倍SD来计算LOQ.如表 1所示, 9种OCPs测量的定量限为5~ 40 pg · g-1, 相对扩展不确定度为分别为30%~55%(< 50 pg · g-1)和20%~50%(>50 pg · g-1).

表 1 鹭卵中目标有机氯化合物基本信息及其分析方法有效性 Table 1 Basic information on targeted organochlorine compounds in heron eggs and validation of methods
3 结果与讨论(Results and discussion) 3.1 夜鹭卵中OCPs及其代谢物的检出情况

图 2所示, 宜宾夜鹭卵中发现了8种有机氯化合物残留, 而均未检出γ-HCH, 其总含量(∑OCPs)变化范围为4.76 ~ 97.9 ng · g-1(以湿重计, 下同), 个体间变异系数为72%.其中, p, p′-DDE、HCB、β-HCH、PeCB、反式九氯和氧化氯丹几乎在所有的夜鹭卵中存在, 平均含量分别为20.1、5.28、1.10、0.48、0.29和0.17 ng · g-1α-HCH和p, p′-DDT仅有少量检出(13%~37%), 含量范围分别为ND~0.27 ng · g-1和ND~0.49 ng · g-1.不同鹭卵中OCPs残留水平差异很大(图 2), 可能是个体间同期习惯性取食区域差异造成的, 还可能与产卵顺序及孵化过程等因素有关(Custer et al., 1990; 王培潮, 1992Hothem et al., 1995Klein et al., 2012;Bignert et al., 2015).另外, 宜宾的夜鹭卵中p, p′-DDT/p, p′-DDE比值非常小, 小于0.03.显然, 当地的滴滴涕类(DDTs)以p, p′-DDT的代谢物p, p′-DDE为主, 这与四川环境中OCPs以历史残留为主要来源的赋存特征相吻合(邢新丽等, 2009).

图 2 夜鹭卵中各种有机氯农药及其代谢物的含量分布箱式图 Fig. 2 Box and whisker plot for the distribution of OCPs concentrations in eggs of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
3.2 国内外夜鹭卵中OCPs残留特征比较

纵观全球范围内夜鹭卵中各类OCPs的残留水平(表 2, 以湿重计)), 可以发现, 欧美国家的夜鹭卵中∑DDTs残留量在30~40年以前很高(Custer et al., 1983Fossi et al., 1984McEwen et al., 1984Ohlendorf et al., 1990), 高含量的p, p′-DDE甚至会使得蛋壳变薄, 影响夜鹭繁殖(Henny et al., 1984), 而在20世纪90年代末∑DDTs残留水平有了显著降低(Aurigi et al., 2000Custer et al., 2014).21世纪初我国南方沿海和长三角等发达地区夜鹭卵中∑DDTs的含量也较高, 并出现p, p′-DDE含量超过影响繁殖的效应阈值(1000 ng · g-1)的情形(Connell et al., 2003Dong et al., 2004Lam et al., 2008Wang et al., 2011).长江上游山区夜鹭卵中∑DDTs和∑HCHs的含量均明显低于长三角平原地区, 长江上游和下游山区夜鹭卵中∑DDTs含量没有明显差异, 而在下游山区∑HCHs含量还是显著高于上游山区, 但要显著低于长三角平原地区.而对于氯丹类(∑CHLs)的残留, 长江流域上、下游几个采样点之间没有显著差异, 但均低于我国南方地区和发达国家的残留水平.对于氯苯类(∑CBz)的残留, 我国几个采样点之间没有显著差异, 但要低于欧美国家以前的水平.总体上, 长江上游夜鹭卵中OCPs残留在全球范围和历史上均处于最低水平, 也反映当地OCPs污染相对较低.

表 2 国内外夜鹭卵中有机氯农药及其代谢物残留特征的比较 Table 2 Comparison among the residues of four main groups of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites in eggs of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) from worldwide
3.3 孵化过程对鹭卵中OCPs残留的影响

宜宾夜鹭卵的形态差异性较小, 平均长度和宽度分别为44.6 mm和33.6 mm, 变异系数均小于5%, 但这些鹭卵的质量为(18.4±3.9) g, 变异系数达21%.这些鹭卵的形态参数和质量与OCPs残留水平之间并没有显著相关性.大小差不多的夜鹭卵的质量存在较大差异, 可能与孵化过程中鸟卵水分损失和脂类代谢消耗有关(王培潮, 1992Rattner et al., 2016).因此, 若要比较鸟卵样品之间的OCPs等污染物含量差异, 最好用鸟卵的新鲜湿重进行归一化校正(Rattner et al., 2016).

孵化过程对鹭卵OCPs残留水平的影响较为有限, 如图 3所示, 只有3种OCPs的残留水平在无胚卵样(n=9)的纯蛋液与胚胎卵样(n=21)的蛋液之间存在显著差异, 分别为反式九氯(p < 0.001)、DDT(p < 0.005)、DDE(p < 0.05).孵化过程中, 将消耗一部分蛋液(卵黄和卵白)形成胚胎, 从而导致水分和脂类等物质损失(王培潮, 1992Rattner et al., 2016).假如卵中OCPs较稳定而没有损失, 剩余蛋液中OCPs含量应该增加或者与胚胎吸收过程有关.然而, 只有反式九氯在胚胎卵蛋液中的残留水平(平均为0.37 ng · g-1)比在无胚卵蛋液中高一些, 而p, p′-DDT和p, p′-DDE在无胚卵蛋液中的残留水平(平均分别为0.07 ng · g-1和20.9 ng · g-1)比在胚胎卵蛋液中更高些, 其余OCPs没有表现出这种差异性.孵化过程中, 卵黄/卵白中DDT的损失可能与其代谢过程有关;而持久性较强的DDE损失, 则可能是向胚胎转移.曾有研究报道, 刚出生1 d的夜鹭幼鸟OCPs残留水平比鹭卵要高或与之持平(Custer et al., 1995).因此, 胚胎形成过程中, 较稳定的OCPs将在胚胎卵内部组织中重新分配, p, p′-DDE可能比反式九氯更容易从蛋液向下一代传递.

图 3 夜鹭的无胚卵与胚胎卵蛋液中典型有机氯化合物的含量比较 Fig. 3 Comparison of OCPs concentrations in liquid samples from embryo free eggs and embryogenic eggs of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
3.4 鹭卵中DDE残留的繁殖效应

由于鸟卵中过高的p, p′-DDE含量将导致蛋壳变薄, 进而影响繁殖.宜宾鹭卵中p, p′-DDE含量为3.31~84.2 ng · g-1, 对∑OCPs贡献最大(70%±14%).但该污染物浓度远低于鹭科的繁殖效应阈值1000 ng · g-1 (Connell et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2011), 显然, 长江上游地区夜鹭卵中DDE的存在水平不足以抑制夜鹭繁殖力或幼鸟存活率.那么, 对于营养层次更高的鹭科鸟类是否会有影响?研究表明, 多瑙河三角洲白鹭卵中DDTs和PCBs等有机氯化学品的含量显著高于夜鹭卵, 主要原因在于前者在食物链中处于更高的层次及其迁徙习性(Aurigi et al., 2000), 我国香港(珠江三角洲)鹭卵中DDTs、PCBs、CHLs等也有类似规律(Connell et al., 2003).另外, 白鹭比夜鹭在行为上更为活跃, 取食行为比例较高, 单位体重消耗量大(张国钢等, 2007), 因而对OCPs的生物积累和放大作用可能会更明显些, 有必要进一步调查宜宾白鹭卵中含量以确认其繁殖效应.

4 结论(Conclusions)

1) 长江上游地区夜鹭卵中普遍存在有机氯农药及其代谢物, 但残留水平差异较大, 其中, p, p′-DDE残留浓度最高, 但其在全球范围内和历史上处于较低水平, 暂不足以影响夜鹭的繁殖.

2) 夜鹭可以通过产卵方式和孵化过程将有机氯物质排出体外并转移到下一代中, 而且p, p′-DDE可能比反式九氯更容易从蛋液向下一代传递.

3) 宜宾周边区域有机氯农药污染相对较低, 主要来自历史残留.当然, 需要进一步评估鹭卵中其他POPs的污染及暴露情况, 以正确认识该地区环境污染与鸟类繁殖之间的关系.

致谢: 感谢中瑞国际合作研究项目Chemstrres-YRD协调员Sune Eriksson博士及芬兰国立卫生与福利研究院Rantakokko Panu博士等在样品分析测试方面提供的帮助.
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